Organic Name Reaction Trics:
The naming reactions discussed in the sources are compiled below in notes form for examination preparation.
Organic Name Reaction Trics
I. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Reaction Name Reactants Reagents/Conditions Product & Key Concept Citation Finkelstein Reaction Haloalkanes (Alkyl Chloride or Alkyl Bromide, RX) NaI and Dry Acetone Alkyl Iodide (RI) . A halogen exchange reaction where the halogen (X) is replaced by Iodine (I). (Trick: ‘I’ in Finkelstein helps remember RI).Swarts Reaction Haloalkanes (Alkyl Chloride or Alkyl Bromide, RX) Metallic Fluorides (e.g., AgF, Hg₂F₂, CoF₂)Alkyl Fluoride (RF) . A halogen exchange reaction where the halogen (X) is replaced by Fluorine (F).Wurtz Reaction Two molecules of Haloalkane (RX) Sodium (2Na) in the presence of Dry Ether Higher Alkane (R–R) . Two alkyl groups join together.Fitting Reaction Two molecules of Haloarene (Aryl Halide) Sodium (2Na) in the presence of Dry Ether Diphenyl (or Biphenyl). Two benzene rings join together.Wurtz-Fitting Reaction One molecule of Haloalkane (RX) and one molecule of Haloarene (ArX) Sodium (2Na) in the presence of Dry Ether Alkylbenzene (R–Ar) . The alkyl group attaches to the benzene ring.Sandmeyer Reaction Benzene Diazonium Salt (obtained from Aniline) Cu₂Cl₂/HCl or Cu₂Br₂/HBr Haloarenes (e.g., Chlorobenzene or Bromobenzene). Used for preparation of Haloarenes.Gattermann Reaction Benzene Diazonium Salt Copper Powder (Cu powder) with HCl or HBr Haloarenes (e.g., Chlorobenzene or Bromobenzene). Product is similar to Sandmeyer, but the reagent uses copper powder instead of cuprous salts.
II. Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
Reaction Name Reactants Reagents/Conditions Product & Key Concept Citation Hydroboration Oxidation (HBO) Alkene (Unsymmetric)1. Diborane (BH₃ or B₂H₆). 2. H₂O₂ Alcohol . Indirectly adds water (Hydration). Follows Anti-Markovnikov’s Rule (Negative part of water, OH, goes to the carbon with more hydrogen atoms).Esterification Reaction Alcohol (ROH)Carboxylic Acid, Acid Anhydride, or Acid Chloride (RCOCl) Ester (RCOOR’) . The formation of an ester.Reimer-Tiemann Reaction Phenol 1. CHCl₃ (Chloroform) and Aqueous NaOH/KOH . 2. H⁺ Salicylaldehyde . The -CHO group is introduced at the ortho position of phenol. This is a highly repetitive reaction.Kolbe’s Reaction Phenol (as Sodium phenoxide, O⁻Na⁺)1. CO₂ (Weak electrophile). 2. H⁺ Salicylic Acid . The -COOH group is introduced at the ortho position. This is a highly repetitive reaction.Williamson Synthesis Haloalkane (RX) and Sodium Alkoxide (RONa)Heating Ether (R–O–R) . Considered a very important reaction.
III. Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids
Reaction Name Reactants Reagents/Conditions Product & Key Concept Citation Rosenmund Reduction Acyl Chloride (RCOCl)H₂ in the presence of Pd/BaSO₄ Aldehyde (RCHO) . The trick is: Remove Chlorine, add Hydrogen, obtain Aldehyde.Stephen Reaction Nitrile (RCN)1. SnCl₂/HCl (or DIBAL-H). 2. Hydrolysis (H₂O) Aldehyde (RCHO) . Intermediate formed is an imine.Etard Reaction Toluene (Benzene with CH₃ group)1. Chromyl Chloride (CrO₂Cl₂) . 2. Hydrolysis (H₂O/H⁺) Benzaldehyde . An intermediate chromium complex is formed.Gattermann-Koch Reaction Benzene CO and HCl in the presence of Anhydrous AlCl₃ (or CuCl)Benzaldehyde . Note this is distinct from the Gattermann reaction.Clemmensen Reduction Carbonyl Compound (Aldehyde or Ketone)Zinc Amalgam (Zn-Hg) and HCl Hydrocarbon . The C=O group is reduced to CH₂.Wolff-Kishner Reduction Carbonyl Compound (Aldehyde or Ketone)Hydrazine (NH₂NH₂) , KOH , Ethylene Glycol, and HeatHydrocarbon . The C=O group is reduced to CH₂.Aldol Condensation Aldehydes or Ketones Dilute NaOH (Dilute Base)$\alpha,\beta$-unsaturated carbonyl compound . Requires the presence of Alpha Hydrogen . Forms an ‘aldol’ intermediate (aldehyde + alcohol) which undergoes condensation (water removal).Cannizzaro Reaction Aldehydes without Alpha Hydrogen (e.g., Formaldehyde)Concentrated KOH (or NaOH)An Alcohol and a Salt of Carboxylic Acid (Potassium formate). This is a disproportionation reaction. Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky (HVZ) Reaction Carboxylic Acid with Alpha Hydrogen Halogen (Cl₂ or Br₂) in the presence of Red Phosphorus $\alpha$-Halo Carboxylic Acid . The hydrogen on the alpha carbon is replaced by halogen.
IV. Amines
Reaction Name Reactants Reagents/Conditions Product & Key Concept Citation Hofmann Bromamide Degradation Amide (RCONH₂) Br₂ and NaOH/KOH Primary Amine (RNH₂) . The product has one less carbon atom than the reactant (C=O group is eliminated, known as “degradation”).Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis Phthalimide 1. KOH. 2. Alkyl Halide (RX) . 3. Aqueous NaOH/KOH (Hydrolysis) Primary Amine (RNH₂) . Used specifically for preparing primary amines.Carbylamine Reaction Primary Amine (RNH₂)CHCl₃ (Chloroform) and Alcoholic KOH Alkyl Isocyanide (RNC) . Also known as the Isocyanide Test , characterized by a foul smell.Diazotisation Reaction Aniline (Primary Aromatic Amine) NaNO₂ and HCl at low temperature (273–278 K )Benzene Diazonium Salt .
V. Miscellaneous
Reaction Name Reactants Reagents/Conditions Product & Key Concept Citation Hunsdiecker Reaction Silver Salt of Fatty Acid (RCOOAg)Br₂ in CCl₄ Alkyl Bromide (RBr) . Results in the removal of CO₂.Coupling Reactions Benzene Diazonium Salt Reaction with Phenol or Aniline Azo Dyes . Products include orange dye (para hydroxy azobenzene, with phenol) and yellow dye (para amino azobenzene, with aniline).
Certainly. Drawing on the provided sources, here are 20 additional reactions and associated conversions presented in notes form.
Additional Reactions and Conversions (Notes for Exams.
Additional Reactions and Conversions (Notes for Exams)
I. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes (Continued)
Reaction Name Reactants Reagents/Conditions Product & Key Concept Citation Halogenation (ESR on Haloarene) Haloarene (e.g., Chlorobenzene) Cl₂ or Br₂ and Anhydrous AlCl₃/FeBr₃ Ortho and Para substituted product (e.g., Dihalobenzene). Para product is typically the major product. Sulphonation (ESR on Haloarene) Haloarene Concentrated H₂SO₄ Ortho and Para substitution of the SO₃H group. Para product is the major product. Nitration (ESR on Haloarene) Haloarene HNO₃ in presence of Concentrated H₂SO₄ Ortho and Para substitution of the NO₂ group. The electrophile generated is NO₂⁺. Para product is the major product. Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Haloarene Alkyl Halide (e.g., CH₃Cl) and Anhydrous AlCl₃ Alkyl group (e.g., CH₃) attaches at the Ortho and Para positions of the haloarene. Friedel-Crafts Acylation Haloarene Acyl Chloride (e.g., CH₃COCl) and Anhydrous AlCl₃ Acyl group attaches at the Ortho and Para positions. The electrophile generated is CH₃C=O⁺.
II. Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers (Continued)
Reaction Name Reactants Reagents/Conditions Product & Key Concept Citation Cumene Process Cumene (Isopropylbenzene) 1. Oxidation (Air). 2. Heating Phenol and Acetone (produced in large amounts). An intermediate called Cumene Hydroperoxide is formed. Nitration (ESR on Ethers) Ethers (e.g., Anisole) HNO₃ in presence of H₂SO₄ The NO₂ group attaches at the Ortho and Para positions. Halogenation (ESR on Ethers) Ethers Br₂ in Ethanol solution Bromine attaches at the Ortho and Para positions. Friedel-Crafts Alkylation (on Ethers) Ethers CH₃Cl and Anhydrous AlCl₃ The CH₃ group attaches at the Ortho and Para positions.
III. Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids (Continued)
Reaction Name Reactants Reagents/Conditions Product & Key Concept Citation Cross Aldol Condensation Two different Aldehydes or Ketones (both having α-hydrogen) Dilute NaOH/KOH (Dilute Base) Leads to the formation of four products: two by self-condensation and two by cross-condensation. Decarboxylation Reaction Carboxylic Acid (or its Sodium Salt, RCOONa) Soda-Lime (NaOH + CaO) and Heat Hydrocarbon (R-H). Results in the removal of a carbon atom (in the form of CO₂). ESR on Benzoic Acid Derivatives Carboxylic Acid (Aromatic, e.g., Benzoic Acid) Halogenation (Br₂/FeBr₃) or Nitration (HNO₃/H₂SO₄) Substitution occurs predominantly at the Meta position.
IV. Amines (Continued)
Reaction Name Reactants Reagents/Conditions Product & Key Concept Citation Phthalimide Formation Phthalic Acid Ammonia (NH₃) and Heat Forms Phthalimide, an intermediate used in Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis. Nitration of Aniline Aniline (C₆H₅NH₂) HNO₃ and H₂SO₄ Yields a mixture of products: Para (51%), Meta (47%), and Ortho (2%) substitution of the NO₂ group. Sulfonation of Aniline Aniline H₂SO₄ Forms Sulphanilic Acid (with an SO₃H group attached to the ring), which then forms a Zwitter Ion (NH₃⁺ and SO₃⁻).
V. Diazonium Salt Reactions (Conversions)
Reaction Name Reactants Reagents/Conditions Product & Key Concept Citation Diazonium Conversion to Iodobenzene Benzene Diazonium Salt Heating with Potassium Iodide (KI) Iodobenzene is obtained. Diazonium Conversion to Phenol Benzene Diazonium Salt Heating with Warm Water Phenol is formed. Diazonium Conversion to Fluorobenzene Benzene Diazonium Salt Heating with HBF₄ (Fluoboric acid) Fluorobenzene is formed. Coupling Reaction with Phenol Benzene Diazonium Salt Phenol (C₆H₅OH) Forms Para Hydroxy Azobenzene (an Orange Dye). The reaction involves the removal of HCl. Coupling Reaction with Aniline Benzene Diazonium Salt Aniline (C₆H₅NH₂) Forms Para Amino Azobenzene (a Yellow Dye). The reaction involves the removal of HCl.
