Thermodynamics 11th

After studying this Unit, you will
be able to
• explain the terms : system and
surroundings;
• discriminate between close,
open and isolated systems;
• explain internal energy, work
and heat;
• state first law of
thermodynamics and express
it mathematically;
• calculate energy changes as
work and heat contributions
in chemical systems;
• explain state functions: U, H.
• correlate ∆U and ∆H;
• measure experimentally ∆U
and ∆H;
• define standard states for ∆H;
• calculate enthalpy changes for
various types of reactions;
• state and apply Hess’s law of
constant heat summation;
• differentiate between extensive
and intensive properties;
• define spontaneous and nonspontaneous processes;
• explain entropy as a
thermodynamic state function
and apply it for spontaneity;
• explain Gibbs energy change
(∆G);
• establish relationship between
∆G and spontaneity, ∆G and
equilibrium constant.